When the conflicts cannot be reconciled , they will have to asc ertain the hierarchy of the self - executing treaties and the contradictory norms 當沖突無法避免時,它們必須確定自動執行條約與相抵觸的法律規范的效力等級。
On the other hand , although non - self - executing treaties cannot be directly applied , the courts shall also pay great attention to their various indirect national legal effects 另外,非自動執行條約雖然不能直接適用,法院還要注意到它們所產生的直接適用以外的多種間接的法律效力。
In the united states , international treaties present at least four distinctive forms , and article vi , section ii of the us constitution adopts them wholesale as the supreme law of the land ; nevertheless , since 1829 the courts have come to distinguish the self - executing and non - self - executing treaties , but a large volume of cases and commentaries have controversy and confusion on the differential criteria , which has fallen into four categories in this article : intent , constitutionality , justiciability and private right of action 首先, 《美國憲法》第六條第二款將在國內至少表現為四種不同形式的國際條約作為整體一攬子采納為全國最高的法律;但自從1829年,其司法實踐中開始區分自動執行與非自動執行兩種類型的條約,前者無須進一步采取立法或行政上的措施就能直接適用,后者反之。大量的案例和評論對于二者的區分標準充滿了爭論與困惑,本文將其分為意圖、合憲性、司法性和私人訴權四類并加以分析和評價。